Primitive Technology: Pottery Kiln Improvements

If you're in a survival situation and you don't have a fire-proof and water-tight pot or canteen, cooking and water purification suddenly become much more difficult. This is why Les Stroud ranked “a pot to boil water” in his top 5 most important items for a survival pack — pick up a copy of Issue 21 for our full interview with Les. If you find yourself without a modern metal pot, you can always do what primitive cultures have done for millenia: make your own clay pottery.

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The YouTube survivalist behind Primitive Technology is experienced in creating pottery, and even built a large kiln which we featured in a previous article. In his latest video, he updates his bushcraft furnace with a fan blower to drive more air and generate more heat, much like the bellows used by blacksmiths.

Primitive Technology pottery furnace bushcraft clay fire oven kiln 1

The blower impeller is driven by a manually-operated shaft and a pull-cord similar to that of a pump-drill fire starter. A clay housing draws in air from a small opening, and channels it into the fire above.

The silent host then experiments with firing pottery from three types of clay mixtures:

  • Clay painted with iron bacteria
  • Clay painted with wood ash
  • Clay topped with a brick of iron bacteria, charcoal powder, and wood ash, which melted over the clay to coat it

Check out the full video below to see the steps used by Primitive Technology to construct the kiln and pottery. Don't forget to check the video description for a detailed explanation of the materials and steps.


New: Kitanica Lady Bug Women’s Jacket

Survival is a skill that's beneficial to everyone. Staying safe and making the best of adverse situations is important no matter who you are. So, we're always glad to see quality gear manufacturers providing more gear options for women without resorting to the “shrink it and pink it” corner-cutting strategy.

Kitanica has released an all-new Lady Bug fleece jacket designed specifically for women. We initially noticed this jacket on display at SHOT Show 2017 alongside the new ultra-tough Mark IV jacket (which we'll be reviewing here in the near future). Since then, Kitanica has completed development of the jacket and made it available to the public.

Kitanica Lady Bug jacket outdoor apparel fleece windbreaker 3

Like all of the company's apparel, the Kitanica Lady Bug fleece is made in the USA, and constructed from durable abrasion-resistant materials. The 100-denier laminated polyester fleece material is treated with a Durable Water Repellent (DWR) coating to repel rain and other moisture. The material is also designed to stretch for improved flexibility on the range or the trail.

Photo via @kitanicausa / @tactigalnyc

Photos via @kitanicausa / @tactigalnyc

The main zipper is backed by a wind placket, which is a fabric flap that prevents a strong headwind from chilling you through the teeth of the zipper. Velcro cuff cinches and a waist draw cord also improve the insulative properties by retaining body heat. Zippered pockets are found on the chest and left bicep area.

Kitanica Lady Bug jacket outdoor apparel fleece windbreaker 1

Photo via @kitanica / @lloydwainscott

The Kitanica Lady Bug is available in three colors — Atomic Blue, black, and purple — and in women's sizes from X-Small to X-Large. MSRP is $165. For more information on this fleece, go to Kitanica.net.


Zipline Drones Air-Drop Medical Supplies to Remote Areas

The popularity of unmanned aerial drones has continued to increase over the last few years, and this trend shows no signs of stopping. Whether they're being used to carry TV cameras over film sets, sensors for search and rescue operations, or munitions over the battlefield, drones have a variety of uses.

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One particular type of drone has recently been adopted on a national scale by the government of the African nation of Tanzania. It's called Zipline, and the Tanzanian government is using it to deliver essential medical supplies to remote areas.

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Ground travel to these isolated settlements may be slow and difficult due to poor road infrastructure, while manned plane flights are time-consuming and costly. When it comes to certain time-sensitive medical supplies, such as blood for transfusions, either of these options can too slow to save lives. On-demand drone flights are potentially much faster when medical emergencies arise.

The Zipline system is operated as follows:

  1. Health workers at clinics send a text message to Zipline to request specific supplies.
  2. Zipline's medical distribution hub immediately packs the supplies in an insulated temperature-controlled container, and loads it onto a drone.
  3. The drone is launched within minutes, and cruises at 62 mph (100 km/h) to its target.
  4. In as little as fifteen minutes, the medical products are delivered by parachute to a designated area the size of a few parking spaces. Hospital staff are notified via text message.
  5. The drone turns around and returns home.

Zipline drone medical emergency delivery vehicle plane tech 1

This nation-wide system has the potential to be useful in just about any area where accessibility is limited. For example, even in developed first-world nations, there are many hiking trails where helicopters cannot land and Jeeps can't reach. We could see a system like Zipline being useful to deliver snakebite antivenom, epinephrine for severe allergic reactions, or other critical supplies to hikers in these inaccessible areas.

What do you think of this delivery drone tech? Would you like to see it implemented in your area?

Thanks to Andy Schrader for the tip about this drone technology.


Feature: EarthCruiser GZL Truck Camper

Mobility is crucial during any bug-out situation, whether it's a hurricane, civil unrest, or any other localized disaster.

When an emergency emerges, you don't want to be the guy who's struggling to push a wheelbarrow full of gear uphill to a safer location. You want to grab your pre-stocked bug-out bag, put on your boots, and be out the door in seconds. It's also helpful to organize your B.O.B. so it's easy to unload and repack — this minimizes the amount of time you'll need to stop on your journey.

No matter the details of the scenario, remaining mobile is at the core of every bug-out plan.

The same principles apply to your vehicle and your campsite. If you own a truck with poor fuel economy and weigh it down with tons of gear, or you buy an elaborate tent that takes an hour to set up and tear down each day, you're effectively limiting your mobility. This means you may not make it to your bug-out location on schedule, or you may not even escape danger at all.

The Advantages of Truck Campers

A truck camper improves bug-out mobility in both these areas, by combining your campsite and your vehicle into a single unit. Instead of finding a viable patch of flat ground, parking your truck, unloading your tent, and setting it up every day, you're able to camp virtually anywhere in comfort. The world is your campsite, and setup/teardown take seconds instead of minutes.

There are many styles of slide-in truck campers, but the traditional sort are typically designed to fit into the beds of full-size pickups. These old-style truck campers are often constructed from heavy wood and metal, and use side support jacks to distribute their weight once parked.

Truck camper vehicle bugout RV 1

Old-style truck campers are often heavy and bulky. Photo: dave_7 / Flickr

More recently, lightweight fiberglass campers have been developed for both full-size and mid-size trucks. These newer campers don't require external support jacks, and won't overload your truck's suspension with thousands of pounds of weight. That means your truck can handle better, accelerate and brake faster, carry more supplies, and traverse rough trails more easily than it would with a heavy camper. For a bug-out vehicle, those are some massive advantages.

The Earthcruiser GZL Truck Camper

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 01

On a trip to Bend, Oregon, we stopped by the headquarters of EarthCruiser Overland Vehicles. The company was founded by Australian expat Lance Gillies in 2009, and specializes in purpose-built expedition vehicles like the heavy-duty EarthCruiser EXP and FX. Recently, the company has also branched out into slide-in truck campers with the launch of the new EarthCruiser GZL series.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 18

EarthCruiser founder Lance Gillies hails from Australia, where 4x4s and outback expedition vehicles are hugely popular.

We checked out one of the first examples of the EarthCruiser GZL-300, mounted on a Toyota Tacoma Double Cab with 5-foot short bed. It's also compatible with other mid-size trucks such as the Chevy Colorado/GMC Canyon, Dodge Dakota, Honda Ridgeline, Nissan Frontier, and Ford Ranger (here's a full compatibility list). A GZL-400 model is also available for full-size trucks like the F-150, Silverado/Sierra, Ram, Tundra, and Titan.

GZL-300 Exterior Features

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 03

The EarthCruiser GZL is built around a fiberglass monocoque shell layered with 20mm (0.78″) insulation. It measures approximately 11'8″ long by 6'4″ wide by 4'9″ tall with the roof closed, and weighs just 900 pounds wet (i.e. fully loaded with water, propane, and batteries).

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That's practically featherweight, considering other truck campers can weigh more than three times this much. It's also well within the carrying capacity of the Tacoma, so modified rear springs and other suspension upgrades shouldn't be necessary. Gillies told us the truck in these photos was fitted with upgraded shock absorbers, but that was only to improve ride quality and smoothness — it's not mandatory.

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Other standard exterior features include dual side windows, a spare tire carrier, 6.5-foot roll-up side awning, two 100-watt Zamp solar panels, and a pop-up roof (more on that later). A roof rack, camper jacks, and storage extension for long-bed trucks are also available options.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 10

GZL-300 Interior Features

Opening the EarthCruiser GZL-300 consists of three simple steps:

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 16

First, the upper half of the rear door is opened, and swings upward thanks to an automatic gas strut. Then the lower section is opened, revealing steps to enter the cabin. The user steps inside and releases the pop-up roof, which rises automatically on another pair of gas struts. If this still sounds like too much work, EarthCruiser has developed an optional power roof lift, which will be available in Fall 2017.

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The fabric pop-up section offers more than enough space to stand comfortably, with 6'11” of headroom at the highest point. It also includes more ventilation windows with curtains and rain fly flaps.

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A panel on the doorframe reveals controls for the lighting, refrigerator, water, and water heater, as well as battery voltage and water level gauges.

The interior space is compact but well-utilized, with a table and two opposing bench seats in the center of the living area. This area is flanked by overhead storage cubbies and LED lights.

The shelf at the far end of the cabin is the sleeping area, with a tray that pulls out above the dining area to form a bed. Support straps with metal hooks ensure the bed stays securely in place.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 27

The driver's side rear corner of the camper contains a sink, stainless steel workspace, and a small 1.5-cubic-foot refrigerator. The opposite corner provides a pantry area with storage cabinets, and a fold-down 2-burner cooktop that's connected to the onboard 3-gallon propane tank.

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Beneath the passenger-side bench seat, there's an optional pull-out toilet, and a recessed floor space that serves as a shower area. The shower (like the sink) is fed by a 22-gallon fresh water tank and 2.6-gallon water heater, and empties into a 9-gallon grey water tank.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 23

Other interior options include a water purification system, Bluetooth stereo, outdoor kitchen system, and electrical upgrades such as an additional 90-amp battery and 1600-watt power inverter.

Conclusions

There's no question in our minds that the EarthCruiser GZL camper would make an excellent addition to a mid-size bug-out truck like this Toyota Tacoma. It's comfortable, easy to set up, and it offers lots of room for gear organization and storage. We appreciate the inclusion of standard solar panels and an optional water-purification system for long-term use away from civilization.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 17

Most importantly, the GZL's light weight won't over-burden your truck's factory suspension. This means you'll still be able to tackle difficult trails, have a comfortable ride, and retain enough cargo capacity to load up several hundred pounds of other gear without exceeding your truck's carrying limitations.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 08

However — you were probably expecting this by now — all these features come at a substantial cost. The EarthCruiser GZL-300 starts at a little over $36,000, with a $5,000 up-front deposit required.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 05

That means that you'll probably end up paying a higher price for the camper than you did for the truck it's riding in. For reference, MSRP for a new Toyota Tacoma like the one in these photos is approximately $34,000. Everyone's financial situation is different, and if you're fortunate enough to be in a position to afford a camper like this one, we have no doubt that it'd make one heck of an awesome bug-out hideaway.

Earthcruiser GZL truck camper RV vehicle 02

For more information about the EarthCruiser GZL-300 truck camper, go to EarthCruiser.com. If you've got a full-size truck, or want to purchase a complete 4×4 expedition vehicle for globe-trotting adventures, EarthCruiser can also accommodate those needs.


Infographic: BBC Ranks the Likelihood of Apocalyptic Events

How will the world end? And more importantly, when will it occur? Unless you're Kyle Reese, traveling back in time to warn humanity of the coming rise of genocidal robot overlords, these questions are impossible to answer definitively. However, it hasn't stopped scientists from speculating and making predictions about the likelihood of apocalyptic events.

nuclear near misses

BBC Future has compiled the following infographic, known as Apocalypse When? This graphic creates a visual ranking of world-ending events, and their estimated likelihood based on current scientific theories. If you'd like to view a full list of sources and statistics used by the BBC to create this graphic, you can do so here.

Check out the infographic below, or click here to download a full-size version. Then take our poll at the end of this article to let us know which of the BBC's top ten ranked apocalyptic events (if any) you think is most likely to occur in the next 100 years.

Infographic BBC apocalyptic armageddon doomsday SHTF survival 2Infographic BBC apocalyptic armageddon doomsday SHTF survival 3Infographic BBC apocalyptic armageddon doomsday SHTF survival 4

So, what do you think of the ranking of the world-ending threats in this infographic? Let us know in the following poll:


How to Survive a Mass Shooting While Unarmed

Additional Photo by Shinnosuke Tanaka

As a law-abiding citizen and a trained gun handler, I, like you, am obligated to carry wherever the law permits. It's my duty to protect and serve. It's my duty to protect myself and my loved ones — and to serve my community. And, at the end of the day, you are your own first responder.

But let's suppose you're not carrying when sh*t goes south. How do you survive a mass shooting? Whether it be an ISIS fanatic or a lunatic with too many prescription meds flowing through his bloodstream, what steps can we take to avoid becoming a victim?

I travel nearly every weekend to various states. My concealed carry permit gives me reciprocity in 36 states. But, when I'm in the Dark Blue States, I follow the law and don't carry. And, I'm conscious of it wherever I travel. Your everyday Larry Lunchmeat and Joe Bag O'Doughnuts doesn't think about safeguarding himself or his loved ones until he has to. Those of us who carry everywhere are way more cognizant than when we're not. But we can't carry in schools, banks, bars, courts, and airports. And we can't count on the likes of a TSA agent to save the day when sh*t hits the fan.

There's no simple serum solution to this quandary. One's attitude, aptitude, desire, level of training, situational awareness, wits, and moxy may steer the scenario in different directions. We have to rely on our wits and default to our best level of training.

Move, Move, Move

A common denominator, however, is mobility. Hunkering down and praying not to die (or hoping to get lucky) aren't viable options — unless dumb luck is your solution to survival. It's easy for a nutcase to kill someone execution-style when your head is between your legs in the fetal position.

Sometimes, we have to put the analytical mind aside and allow the body to work as it has for millions of years. We must access the brain's primal side. We're human beings born with natural defense mechanisms. We must give the mind permission to allow these mechanisms to work automatically. We humans have been here a long time, and though we're no longer hunting mammoths and dodging saber-toothed tigers, danger lurks around the corner.

Here's a tip: Ditch the flip-flops. They're for the beach or the backyard barbecue. You're no good to yourself or your loved ones if you can't run your ass off. Our primal survival instinct is mobility — and mobility equals survivability.

how-to-survive-a-mass-shooting-while-unarmed-pat-mcnamara

Scan and Plan

Many of us have relinquished our primal survival instincts, becoming fat, flaccid, gelatinous, button-pushers stuck in a 45-degree-syndrome world. And by that I mean head oriented 45 degrees at our smartphones. Too often I find myself on a people-mover at an airport or a shuttle bus heading to the rental car counter, and I'm literally the only one looking around. Everyone else is completely oblivious to his or her surroundings. So, too often, I say to myself, “Well, looks like I'm in charge of security.”

For those of us with our wits about us, try to see things in full spectrum. Perform a focal shift in your everyday life.

Look around. Slow down before you enter a building or other venue and observe the people in your proximity. Examine what's close to you, and then continue your scan further. Perform a “5 and 25” — scan 5 meters around you then out to 25 meters. It's OK; you were born to do this. It only takes a second.

A successful assault happens with surprise, speed, and violence of action. We can mitigate the surprise by tuning in and being situationally aware. Look for any demeanor that's out of whack. If you take the element of surprise away from a would-be attacker, perhaps he may fear reprisal and forgo the attack.

Whether I'm armed or unarmed and enter a venue, I do the same thing. I consider it a possible crisis site. First, I get a pretty good lay of the land. Exits, avenues of approach, choke points, intersections, safe areas, alternate routes, and lines of drift are all stored in the data bank. I give people a once over and look for potential assets and liabilities. I visualize chaos. I picture complete bedlam with everyone running for the same exit.

Often, people don't plan to fail, but they do fail to plan, so this process of visualization becomes a crucial step in disaster preparation. We must mentally prepare ourselves to exit without hesitation, if exiting is the safest recourse — even if it means throwing a table or chair through a window, which may be your best option. When pandemonium strikes, there's no time for analysis. Through analysis comes paralysis — hence the importance of preparation.

Pay attention, look around, and always have a plan in mind.

Agent in Charge

If you're with your kids, ditching the scene of chaos is non-negotiable. You're the agent-in-charge of your own personal protection detail, and those kids are your principals. Steer them in the right direction, and give short, clear, concise commands.

When I'm with my kids, I make sure they know where we're parked in reference to the inside of the venue, whether it's the mall or the state fair. I make periodical en route checkpoints with them and make sure that they're oriented to exits. I ensure they know which one gets us to our vehicle the quickest. I don't need my kids to become liabilities if things go to pot.

how-to-survive-a-mass-shooting-while-unarmed-public-mall

If gunshots ring out or an explosion shakes the ground, running along with the rest of the “sheeple” may not be the best course of action. Don't be victimized by an ocean of people who have their heads up their asses. Lines of drift and likely avenues of approach may be part of a plan with a well-organized adversary. The bad guy may use a ruse or diversion to send the herd in a desired direction. Exercise your OODA (observe, orient, decide, and act) loop and come up with a quick plan of egress.

Sometimes, flanking or egressing at an oblique increases your survivability. Run until you've made it past effective small-arms range or have some good cover. Then take a second to assess the situation and to readjust your plan.

If you feel barricading yourself in a safe room is your only option, tie the door shut or wedge the handle. Don't just put something heavy in front of the door that can be pushed out of the way. Keep quiet and stay out of the line of fire. Look for a corner, but don't put too much separation between you and the door. That way, if the adversary breaches your barricade, you can quickly close the gap and tie him up rather than giving him a clean shot at you from across the room.

Be an Asset, Not a Liability

Everyday schmucks with their eyeballs glued to their smartphones are myopic in more ways than one. They couldn't spot a psycho with a shotgun if it were hanging a foot below his trench jacket. So it's our job to protect and serve — however, priority goes to self and loved ones.

I know that I'll look for an opportunity to go full Batman on a POS who disrupts my day. I can run like a scalded ape. I can differentiate between calibers of guns, have a pretty good idea on round count, and will look for a lull in the fight. At which time, I'll close the gap with a flanking assault.

On-Body EDC: The author's everyday carry ensures he's always ready: SSVI Glock 19 with a Raven VanGuard holster; extra magazine with a NeoMag clip; 127-grain +P hollow-point rounds; Streamlight flashlight with an O-ring attachment; TacOps lock blade; and cigar cutter.

On-Body EDC: The author's everyday carry ensures he's always ready: SSVI Glock 19 with a Raven VanGuard...

For me, carrying is habitual, and my EDC (everyday carry) is more than just a wallet and smartphone. I appendix carry an SSVI Glock 19 in a Raven VanGuard holster, along with an extra magazine with a NeoMag clip in my back pocket. The mags are loaded with 127-grain +P hollow-point rounds. I also carry a Streamlight flashlight with an O-ring attached to it for easier employment. My knife is a simple TacOps lock blade with a hook blade and window breaker. And the cigar cutter is for, well, just cutting cigars.

Additionally, I have an assault package in the trunk of my car, which includes a 16-inch AR. I have two bags. One I call a “Hey, I'm coming to get you” bag. The other I call the “I'm coming to get some!” bag. Inside the “I'm coming to get you” bag is basic survival gear in the event I have to assist in rescuing someone. The “I'm coming to get some!” bag is an over-the-shoulder bag with 10 30-round magazines. It also has water, oil, eye protection, hearing protection, grease pencils, and Sharpies.

Off-body EDC: Everyday carry doesn't have to be limited to what you can clip to your belt. The author always stows two packs in his vehicle's trunk: a survival bag with gear to rescue others and an assault pack with a 16-inch AR, extra loaded magazines, water, and other supplies. This stash also includes a bright orange safety vest.

Off-body EDC: Everyday carry doesn't have to be limited to what you can clip to your belt. The author always...

Lastly, I have a huge bright orange safety vest that has a “Security” label on it. This is worn over everything, and is intended to give momentary pause to a rookie cop or another good guy when they see me. Yes, this is legal in my state.

It's our duty and responsibility to protect and serve. If you're a competent and trained gun handler, you should be carrying wherever the law permits — but never go outside the parameters of the law. And don't be a nugget. Just because your state allows open carry doesn't mean you should. That's some amateur hour bullsh*t.

And remember, just because you have a gun doesn't mean that you're armed. Take proper classes, get proper training, and be an asset to your community rather than a liability. There's more than enough of those already.

About the Author

Pat (Mac) McNamara has 22 years of special-operations experience, 13 of which were in the U.S. Army's 1st SFOD-D (Delta). He has extensive experience in hostile fire/combat zones in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. He trains individuals in basic and advanced levels of marksmanship and combat tactics. He retired from the Army's premier hostage-rescue unit as a sergeant major and is the author of T.A.P.S. (Tactical Application of Practical Shooting) and Sentinel.
www.tmacsinc.com

More From Issue 18

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Read articles from the next issue of Recoil Offgrid: Issue 19

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Editor's Note: This article has been modified from its original version for the web.


New: TOPS Knives Yacare 10.0

Blazing a trail through a dense jungle is a difficult task, and one that's often accomplished by hacking and slashing your way into thick undergrowth. A long, tough, and sharp blade is essential in this setting. In the southern Philippines, a leaf-shaped blade known as the barong fulfilled this role.

Like the machete, parang, and kukri, the traditional barong design has subsequently been adopted by jungle-trekkers around the world, and has evolved over time. TOPS Knives general manager Craig Powell spotted some variants of the barong-style blade during trips to Costa Rica and Colombia, and on his return home, he decided to use them as inspiration for a new TOPS knife design.

The TOPS Yacare 10.0 blends the straight spine of a machete with the wide belly of a barong to create what appears to be a formidable chopper. Its 3/16-inch thickness adds heft and rigidity, but a high bevel and fine edge are said to make it versatile for a variety of tasks.

Like most TOPS knives, the Yacare is made from high-carbon 1095 steel and hardened to RC 56-58. Overall length is 15.5 inches; blade length is about 10 inches.

TOPS Yacare machete barong jungle knife blade 5

The Yacare bears a new etched and tumbled finish that TOPS calls Acid Rain, and is fitted with black canvas micarta handle scales. Three hollow pins and a lanyard hole on the butt provide plenty of retention options. The knife also includes a black nylon sheath with a belt loop and exterior pouch (ideal for storing a sharpening stone or fire-starting kit).

TOPS Yacare machete barong jungle knife blade 4

MSRP for the new TOPS Yacare 10.0 is $250, but it's currently available on the company's web site for $200. For more info on this knife, go to TOPSKnives.com.


How to Use Your Watch as a Compass

The sun is essential to survival, and not just because its presence keeps the Earth from turning into a frozen wasteland. Brief interruptions of sunlight like this week's solar eclipse remind us of how much we take it for granted in our daily lives. And in a survival scenario, the sun can be used to cook food, purify water, or even navigate to safety.

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If you're wearing a watch that doesn't have a built-in compass, you should take some time (no pun intended) to learn how to use it as an improvised compass.

This technique requires a clear view of the sun and an analog watch. For those who wear digital watches or rely on cell phones to tell time, you can still use this technique, but it'll require a little extra work to visualize a watch's hands. This can be done using sticks on the ground, a pen and paper, or even mentally (if you're really good at visualization).

Bertucci A4-T watch 16

For the purposes of this article, we'll assume you're in the northern hemisphere — if you're in the southern hemisphere, the technique changes (more on that later). If you're in the tropics (i.e. near the equator), this technique may not be accurate, so you'll need to find another method such as celestial navigation. Also, we'll assume you're not affected by daylight savings time. If DST is currently in effect in your region, you'll need to remember this and compensate by subtracting one hour from the hour hand's position.

The following video from AlfieAesthetics on YouTube shows how to find true north using your watch and the sun:

The basic steps can be summarized as follows:

  1. Place your watch horizontally with the hour hand pointed in the direction of the sun.
  2. Note the angle between the hour hand and the 12:00 mark. Mentally split this angle in half. (For example, if the sun is at 4, envision a line across the face from 2 through 8.)
  3. This angle is your north-south line. North is the point furthest from the sun. (In our previous example, north would be at the 8 position.)
  4. Now that you know where north and south are, it's easy to plot an azimuth based on the marks on your watch face, or using a dive watch bezel.

Wrist watch compass navigation orientation map time clock 3

If it's exactly 6:00 as seen in this graphic, and you know the sun will be setting in the west, you can use this approximation to navigate or wait a while for the hour hand to move and create a sufficient angle for the method above. If it's exactly 12:00, the sun will typically be approximately due south.

Now, if you're in the southern hemisphere, this all changes. Alfie explains: “In the southern hemisphere, point the twelve o'clock mark towards the sun. The mid point between twelve o'clock mark and the hour hand will be your north south line. North will be the direction FURTHEST away from the sun.”


5 Solar Ovens That Turn Sunshine into Mealtime

Most people associate the name Archimedes with a screw that pumps low-lying ditch water into nearby fields for irrigation, though some historians no longer credit him for this invention (it may have been Assyrian or Egyptian and from three centuries earlier). Still, his name lives on — and not just for his engineering legacy.

It seems that as soon as the Romans showed up near his Sicilian city-state of Syracuse, he switched from scientific inventor to Roman-killing machine designer. There was the Archimedes' Stonethrowers, Archimedes' Claw (which ripped full-sized boats from the water), and — relevant to our interests here — Archimedes' Death Ray. Yep, a contraption that harnessed the sun to burn invading ships.

Though debunked a couple of times by Mythbusters, and then proved a few other times by scientists and historians from MIT and other egghead factories, it's debatable whether the Death Ray actually existed. But the science is sound. Bounce light from the sun via a series of mirrors at something, and the electromagnetic radiation from the sun is redirected to that object, along with its heat. According to lore, Archimedes did just that in 214 BC when the Romans rowed into town, and his aptly named Death Ray was never heard of again.

But that's exactly what makes solar ovens so efficient. They use no electricity, gas, or external power. They make no noise and cost nothing to use. Just point one at the sun, fill it with your favorite food, “set it, and forget it.”

Why Solar Ovens?

Regardless of the environmental benefits, the economic perks, and the ease of use, is a solar oven practical for your application, lifestyle, or situation? Would you use it as a daily oven or a kitschy novelty to bake cookies while the kids play in the backyard? Or is it your omega oven, your last line of defense against starvation when faced with a wasteland where there's no more wood to burn, no propane tanks to tap, nor fuel of any kind but the blazing sun?

A solar oven is a versatile tool if used properly, but not necessarily something you'd keep in your bug-out vehicle or store in your cache of gear. Some are flimsy, some fragile, some intricate, and some are just plain bulky. But they have a purpose, however limited in application, within the scope of survival, prepping, and thriving under adverse conditions. Their initial cost is comparable to gas camp ovens, and if you'd like to save even more dough (to buy dough for your oven), have your local Cub Scout make you one out of a pizza box and some tin foil.

Dark Side of a Solar Oven

Getting the obvious out of the way first, weather plays a huge part in whether you'll eat that day. If there's rain, snow, high winds, fog, or even those puffy white clouds that look like circus animals, you won't be eating warm food that day. At higher latitudes during the winter, the sun sits lower in the sky and isn't as effective — that's why we experience winter to begin with. Some places, the sun disappears for months at a time.

Other drawbacks of solar ovens are few, but important. They're not especially convenient. You'll need to plan ahead and start cooking early if you want a decent meal. Some need constant realignment as the sun arcs across the sky, while others don't hold heat very well or contain much food at all.

There's a higher risk of burns, especially on the parabolic ovens, because there's no flame to remind us that cooking is happening, and eyesight can be affected by being around a bright reflective object for extended periods. In addition, solar ovens don't maintain steady heat, as a light breeze will cause the temperature to fluctuate on some models. It can be challenging, to say the least, to monitor the temperature and cooking times of your food.

Types of Solar Ovens

There are a few styles of solar ovens, and depending on what you want to cook or bake with it, you may favor one style over another. Some are simple with no frills, while others are complex engineering achievements. Here's a look at the main categories:

Box Oven: A box solar oven is exactly as you might imagine. It's usually a black box with reflective panels around the lid to aid in heat gathering. It's the most popular variety of solar cooker, as it can achieve high temperatures (up to 350 degrees F) and is ideal for general baking, but will also cook most foods well.

They're more stable, better constructed, less susceptible to wind, and have more insulation around the box than other types of ovens. They retain heat better and cook food more evenly.

Panel Oven: This is the simplest and lightest variety of solar oven. It usually consists of a pot inside a plastic enclosure, surrounded on most sides with a reflective surface, either hard panels or soft reflective material. These don't achieve very high temperatures (usually 250 degrees F max) because of the lack of insulation, so baking is a challenge.

A panel oven is the least expensive to buy and the easiest to make, and it's nearly impossible to overcook food in this type of oven. Foods with a lot of moisture do best in a panel oven. Because of its size and material, it can be stored in smaller spaces than the others.

Parabolic Oven: If there were a Cadillac of solar ovens it would be a parabolic oven. This type has an array of highly polished mirrors that concentrate the energy of the sun on a very small spot, similar to a magnifying glass. It can achieve scorching temperatures in a very short time, and it's great for grilling or frying. It's the most expensive, most complicated, largest, and most difficult to use.

For maximum cooking efficiency, the parabolic panels need to be adjusted frequently. However, because of its speed, food can be cooked and cycled through quicker, thus feeding more people.

Our Recipe

The five solar ovens we reviewed represent the aforementioned varieties: two parabolic, two box, and one panel. With such widely differing types of designs, we focused on testing the ovens with some basic cooking tasks — boiling water and cooking some tasty sausage. We waited out an unusual spring cloud cover in normally sunny Los Angeles for a perfect solar oven kind of day. When the ambient temperature spiked at just above 90 degrees F, it was time to get cooking.

solar-ovens-thermometer

Exposing each oven to direct sunlight, we added exactly one pint of water in the included vessels and waited to see what would happen. How hot would the water get? How effective would the oven be at maintaining that temperature? Could we cook some sausages? Sure, we could, and we did with great success!

solar-ovens-sausage
Although not all of the solar devices could boil water, that really isn't entirely important when cooking or baking. The fact that each oven reached over 250 degrees means that, given enough time, the water too will reach that temperature. And just exceeding 160 degrees will kill bacteria and protozoa via water pasteurization, so a full boil isn't necessary for that.

solar-ovens-sausages

In fact, each oven cooked the small bite of sausage we placed in the ovens thoroughly and nicely. Side by side on the plate, you probably can't tell which piece of sausage came from which oven, as they all performed exceedingly well in this regard.

solar-ovens-food

Conclusion

These ovens and other solar cookers like them — with the exception of the Haines Solar Cooker — aren't portable enough to take on the trail, pack in your bug-out bag, or leave tucked away in your vehicle. They're big and bulky, and some of them are fragile.

That said, there's nothing wrong with adding one of these to your cache of gear in the event that you can't have an open fire, don't want to give away your position, or have run out of fuel for a fire. This is another cooking option worth taking seriously. The energy from the sun is powerful, and it's there every day for you to use.

So, if you have the time and the inclination, don't feel ashamed to egghead out a bit and channel your inner Archimedes. And if you get one working as a death ray, our brothers at RECOIL will definitely want to hear about it.

Solar Ovens

  • GoSun Stove GoSun Sport

    Make & Model - GoSun Stove GoSun Sport
    Dimensions - 26 by 5.25 by 9.25 inches
    Weight - 7 pounds
    MSRP - $279
    URL - http://www.gosunstove.com

    Just unboxing these unusual solar ovens was an odd experience. And the GoSun Sport was definitely the most unusual, with two long parabolic reflectors running down the length of a heat-proof tube made from borosilicate glass, which contains a 2-inch-wide cylinder cook "pan."

  • Haines Solar Cooker

    Make & Model - Haines Solar Cooker
    Dimensions - 28 by 16 by 16 inches
    Weight - 18 ounces
    MSRP - $45
    URL - http://www.hainessolarcookers.com

    Made with a metallized polyethylene terephthalate foam rather than metal, the Haines can roll up into a small size and stow in the small, included storage bag.

  • One Earth Designs SolSource Bundle

    Make & Model - One Earth Designs SolSource Bundle
    Dimensions - 4 feet, 11 inches by 3 feet, 11 inches
    Weight - 39.6 pounds
    MSRP - $569
    URL - http://www.oneearthdesigns.com

    In no way, shape, or form will this solar oven go with you when your neighborhood crumbles into ruins — it's too bad, because it's the one you want if you like to grill, fry, or otherwise sear slabs of meat like you were standing in front of a charcoal barbecue.

  • Solavore Sport Solar Oven

    Make & Model - Solavore Sport Solar Oven
    Dimensions - 21 by 30 by 20 inches
    Weight - 9 pounds
    MSRP - $244 (plus $29 for the case)
    URL - http://www.solavore.com

    Made from thick insulated (R-value of 6.5) fiberglass with a black aluminum liner on the inside, the Solavore Sport box oven is big enough to put the two included 9-inch, 3-quart pots side by side with room left over for a small thermometer.

  • Sun Oven International All American Sun Oven

    Make & Model - Sun Oven International All American Sun Oven
    Dimensions - 31 by 33 by 30 inches
    Weight - 23 pounds
    MSRP - $349 (plus $34 for two pots)
    URL - http://www.sunoven.com

    One thing we liked about this solar box oven is that the reflector panels are attached to the oven so they won't get misplaced or damaged.

More From Issue 21

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Editor's Note: This article has been modified from its original version for the web.


Infographic: How to Make Objective Decisions

The human mind is often its own worst enemy. In stressful situations, your brain can be actively working against your best interests, pushing you to make a choice that seems comfortable in the short term but may be harmful or even fatal in the long term. During survival situations, we may not even know we're being irrational until it's too late — individuals who are freezing to death have a tendency to tear off their warm clothes, for example.

Cognitive bias mental decision psychology brain 4

Your brain is constantly interpreting signals from your nervous system and trying to use that data to keep you alive.

Fortunately, there's still hope. With the right preparation, you can learn to override some of these impulses, suppress your conflicting emotions, and make objective decisions. It just takes study, effort, and practice. The following infographic from NetCredit shows nine ways to make more objective decisions about any critical subject — finances, your career, medical issues, or what to do during an emergency situation. Click here to download a full-size version of this infographic.

Infographic objective decisions psychology mindset logic think 1Infographic objective decisions psychology mindset logic think 2Infographic objective decisions psychology mindset logic think 3Infographic objective decisions psychology mindset logic think 4

In case you're wondering how these steps can be related to survival, here are some practical examples:

  1. Ask yourself, “If a survival expert was faced with this situation, what would that person do?”
  2. Instead of saying “Should I stay here and wait for rescue or go look for an escape route?” ask “Is staying here a good decision?”
  3. If it's possible and safe to do so, wait 10 minutes and consider the ramifications before you abandon your shelter and bug out.
  4. View challenges as opportunities for growth. For example, climbing a mountain will be tough, but it'll give you an observation point and access to new resources.

    If all you can think about is how difficult the road ahead will be, you'll probably give up.

    If all you can think about is how difficult the road ahead will be, you'll probably give up.

  5. If you're especially negative or frustrated, be cautious so this doesn't cause you to give up on opportunities solely because you think they'll fail.
  6. Don't think “I had plenty of water last time I went hiking” or “I haven't gotten lost before” — that may not be the case this time.
  7. Repeatedly ask yourself why you're determined to survive to find and focus on the root of your motivation.
  8. Set a goal to cover 10 miles. Consider whether you should walk, bike, or drive. Research the road and weather conditions. Consider the outcome if you get stuck in a traffic jam, or become injured while walking. Plan how you will cover those 10 miles on your selected mode of transportation.
  9. This one is pretty complicated to explain in the context of survival. Let's say you need to decide between burning all your firewood at once to create a large but brief smoke signal, burning a medium amount of firewood to create a medium-sized and moderate duration signal, or burning a tiny amount of firewood over a very long period of time to make a small but long-lasting signal. The attributes here are wood consumption, fire duration, and smoke signal size. Multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) can help you decide the best choice considering all these attributes — but it's essentially reducing the choice to an advanced math problem.