Paracord Handle Wrap

If you read our “12 Tools for Survival” article, you'll remember how we extolled the importance of a good axe. Specifically, we chose the CRKT Woods Chogan tomahawk, with its hot-forged 1055 carbon steel head and Tennessee hickory handle. However, we also noticed that the smooth hickory handle has a possibility of slipping in your hands, especially when they're wet or sweaty.

CRKT Woods Chogan tomahawk 01

Fortunately, there's an easy fix: a paracord handle wrap. Not only does this give the axe more grip, but it also provides compact storage for over 40 feet of 550 paracord, a material that's extremely useful for survival. Here's the technique we used, known as a chain sinnet:

After completing our wrap, we had used about 40 feet of paracord, with the cord circling the handle over 80 times. It's important to cinch each knot down tightly as you go, otherwise the paracord handle wrap may slip off over time. Once we were satisfied with our chain sinnet knots, instead of cutting and burning the end to seal the knot, we added an additional step: a sliding wrist lanyard.

CRKT Woods Chogan tomahawk paracord handle wrap

This lanyard was accomplished using about two feet of loose cord at the end of the chain sinnets. The loose end was then tied into a multiple overhand scaffold knot, using the method below. The scaffold knot slides to tighten a loop around your wrist, ensuring the axe won't leave your hand while you're wearing the lanyard.

So, there you have it, an easy paracord axe handle wrap and lanyard. If you use either of these techniques on any of your tools, we'd like to see the results! Post in the comments below, check out our Facebook page, or tag a photo @recoiloffgridmagazine on Instagram.


What If The US Has Plunged Into Economic Collapse?

The filthy man had a knife at my daughter's throat, and his ragged friend had a gun to my boy's temple. “Give us what we want, and no one has to get hurt,” he said. But were the supplies all that they wanted? The way they were looking at my wife and daughter made me think they'd like to stay a while, that food wasn't the only thing they wanted.

Suddenly, in an ill-timed burst of courage, my son started struggling with his captor and the man looked like he was ready to shoot. My boy screamed “Dad, do something!” but I was frozen in place down on my knees. He screamed again, “Daddy! Help me!” The gun fired — and I woke up.

My body was covered in a cold sweat, and all my muscles were as tense as steel cables. It was only a dream, but it seemed just as real as if those men had broken in again. As I lay there in the cold darkness, I realized that the waking world was not much friendlier than the world in the dream. We were still in danger. My family was at risk, every hour of the day. At any time, people could break into the house. Again. Maybe they'd kill my family this time. The situation was growing more desperate, and so were the criminals. Welcome to the end of the world as we know it, thanks to a total economic collapse.

In this edition of OFFGRID's “What If?” feature, we step into a gloomy scenario where our beloved U.S. dollar is worthless and the American way of life has degenerated into a hand-to-mouth fight for survival.

To delve into this bleak and brutal future, OFFGRID asked three different writers for their approach to living through these dark times. With us is Patrick McCarthy, a freelance journalist, lifelong outdoor enthusiast, and frequent OFFGRID contributor. Next is Erik Lund, a federal law enforcement agent with a vast array of tactical and survival experience. And myself, I have been a survival instructor for the past 19 years and am the author of books on survival and wild food, Prepare for Anything and The Hunting and Gathering Survival Manual. Here are our three different visions of a United States without money, utilities, or much of a future.

The Scenario

Survival Situation
Long-term and widespread bedlam

Your Crew
Your wife, a 16-year-old daughter, and a 10-year-old son

Location
Boulder, Colorado

Season
Spring (averaging 35 degrees Fahrenheit)

Weather
Snowfall still possible

The Set-Up: The U.S. dollar collapsed after more than a decade of multiple wars, skyrocketing energy prices, a faltering economy, and widespread corruption. Protests led to mass rioting and looting. Businesses close or were burnt down. Schools were shuttered for the safety of the kids. Police and fire departments stopped receiving paychecks and essentially disbanded. It was only a matter of time before utilities started to sputter and then completely stopped. Eventually, the only form of government was the military (which only operated to protect itself and an elite few).

The First Act: It's been two weeks after the massive rioting had stopped and given way to relative calm. Relative was the key term. Without reliable power and open businesses, you were running dangerously low on food, water, and supplies. You gathered with your neighbors and had a tentative bartering system established, hoping to survive until the National Guard arrives in three weeks to reestablish order…or so the rumor went. You didn't know how widespread the economic collapse and rioting had been. Had it hit all the major regions of the country, or just the greater Denver area?

The Complication: Realizing you wouldn't last long without new sources of food, water, and supplies, you ventured out of your trusted neighborhood to see who you could barter with safely. You trekked a few miles through the slush and mud and found a willing community. They seemed worse off than you, but they were open to a fair trade of toilet paper and toothpaste for some canned goods. But unbeknownst to you, you gave away too much information about yourself. A day later, gunmen burst through your front door. It was the same men you bartered with. They threatened to rape your wife and kill your son if you didn't give them everything. You complied and kept everyone safe, but you lost the weeks' worth of supplies you had been rationing.

The New Plan: What do you do now? How will you survive the freezing spring until the National Guard arrives in three weeks? Keep in mind you have only the following:

  • Single-family home with attached garage and usual personal belongings
  • Two cars with full tanks of gas
  • Typical handtools in the garage
  • No power or utilities
  • No cash money
  • Three mobile phones that work…if you can find a way to charge them
  • One week's worth of food and water (which could freeze over) for each of you (that you secretly stashed)
  • One loaded semi-automatic handgun (that you secretly stashed) with no extra ammo

Average Joe: Patrick McCarthy's Approach

The day had finally come. The worst-case economic scenario I had heard about so many times — and always rolled my eyes at — had become our reality. After seeing footage of crowds storming the banks on TV, I knew we were actually in trouble, but I had no idea it would spread so far and so fast. I also couldn't have imagined the evil it would reveal in those around me. To think that I had actually tried to help those bastards who kicked in our door last night disgusts me. My foolish trust in strangers put my family at risk, and I refuse to be victimized like that again. Last night taught me that our safety is my responsibility, and when it really came down to it, we were on our own.

Speaking of which, we had all heard the rumors of the National Guard's arrival in about three weeks. The idea of rescue seemed to be giving Laura and the kids hope, but I knew not to be too optimistic. We had to get out of here, and get away from those who might do us harm. Fortunately, our cars were still in the garage and had plenty of gas, so we decided to take what we could and head for my parents' old cabin outside Granby. It was about 90 miles away, but the sizable plot of land, lack of nearby neighbors, and wood-burning stove would sure make life easier.

After scouring our house for supplies, I was able to find a few items the gunmen had overlooked. They barely checked the garage, so we still had the cases of canned food and bottled water I left in the closet out there — enough to last the four of us about a week, by my estimate. A few items from my toolbox could also come in handy, most importantly two utility knives, a claw hammer, nails, and some duct tape. Walking back inside, I grabbed the 9mm semi-auto I kept hidden upstairs — only 15 rounds. The rest of my supply walked out the door last night.

Finally, we had our cell phones, which I thought at first would be useless. Then I remembered that solar-powered battery charger Laura's brother gave me for Christmas last year. It seemed like a gimmick back then. Now, not so much.

The four of us loaded half the supplies (plus some warm blankets and clothes) into Laura's SUV, and the other half into my car. I figured since we had two cars, we'd be better off taking both. It might make us a slightly more noticeable target, but at least we wouldn't be stranded and helpless if one vehicle became disabled. Laura, Janine, and Johnny would take my car, while I would drive just ahead in the sturdier SUV. If we encountered a roadblock, the SUV's heavier weight might help clear it so the car could get by. Before we headed out, I handed Laura my gun, and reminded her not to stop for anything or anyone. If, God forbid, something happened to me, at least she could defend herself and the kids.

We left Boulder around midday. It was eerie seeing the streets so empty — no traffic lights, no cars, no pedestrians. I guess most people listened to the final TV broadcasts saying to remain in your homes until help arrives. I had hooked my cell phone up to the solar charger and set it on the dash before we left, and it wasn't long before it had enough juice to read “no signal.” I hoped that we'd find a working cell tower at some point on the trip, so I could try checking the news or calling my dad. Unlikely, but at least worth a try.

I couldn't help but nervously check my rear-view mirror repeatedly, despite knowing Laura and the kids were right there behind me.

Though I had anticipated the highway to be a giant parking lot of abandoned cars, the roads leading up to the interstate were pretty clear, so I decided to check it out. After all, it was the faster way to get to the cabin. Other than a few dead cars on the shoulder, the highway remained surprisingly empty as we headed into the mountains.

The miles started to pass faster. About 30 miles in, we spotted a lone convenience store with no cars out front, so I motioned to Laura that we should stop. With the power out, the gas pumps wouldn't be working, but we could look for other supplies inside. Walking up to the front door, I noticed that it was locked, but the security shutters hadn't been drawn. I guess whoever worked here left in a hurry.

Desperate times called for desperate measures, so I wrapped my arm in a sheet for protection, shielded my face, and swung the hammer full-force at the door. Chunks of glass crunched under our feet as we stepped into the dark store. We needed to move fast, so each of us had a different objective — I picked through the limited medical supplies, Laura grabbed cigarettes and liquor for bartering currency, Janine looked for food that might provide some nutritional value, and Johnny started collecting water jugs. On our way out the door, I also picked up some magazines and playing cards — if we're going to be stuck in a cabin for weeks, we might as well enjoy it. Within 20 minutes, we were rolling again.

As the miles ticked away, I flipped through the radio channels — still nothing but static. It was 2:45 when we got to the cabin. No one had been here for months, and we wanted to keep that appearance, so we parked the cars around back. Dad had the keys, so I had to smash a window and awkwardly climb inside, but a little duct tape, nails, and wood scraps made for a solid patch against the elements. We also boarded up the other windows from the inside, just in case we're targeted again. With the supplies inside, we bolted the door and settled in for the long haul.

The first few days passed slowly. We stayed inside to keep a low profile, and only fired up the stove at night so the smoke wouldn't draw attention. Eventually, I decided to take my pistol and walk the property, and this soon became a daily occurrence. I also started collecting water from the stream to boil each night, firewood for the stove, and even tried fishing a few times (with limited success). After a week, I felt confident we were alone out here, so Laura and the kids started helping out. It was tough spinning this as a family adventure, especially to a teenager, but we made it work.

I still charged my cell phone and checked it periodically, more out of habit than anything. What did I expect, a stern email from my boss? Laughable. But, one day, there it was — signal. Almost refusing to believe it, I dialed my parents in San Diego. It rang and rang as my stomach sank. After two days of repeated calling, someone answered. “Dad?” I could hardly believe it.

Amazingly, he and mom were OK, and he told me things weren't so bad out there in California. Apparently the large Navy and Marine Corps presence there kept things in check, despite the federal government's near total collapse. There was still no word on the radio about the National Guard showing up in Boulder, or anywhere in Colorado for that matter, so we decided Laura and I should head for San Diego with the kids. It was going to be a difficult journey, but at least one thing had changed — the end was now in sight.

what-if-the-united-states-has-plugned-into-economic-collapse-attackers

Federal Agent: Erik Lund's Approach

Life is tough. It's tougher if you're stupid, and you're one stupid bastard. I stared into the man's eyes and concluded he was right. I wiped the trickle of blood away from my forehead and looked deeper into the eyes of the man in the bathroom mirror. The swelling from the pistol strike to my forehead wasn't too bad, but it definitely left a mark. Washing the blood from my fingers, I gazed back into the mirror. Do not let this happen ever again! I promised myself.

A gentle knock on the bathroom door broke the silence. I opened the door to see my concerned wife waiting for me. “I'll be alright,” I said. “Get the kids. Family meeting time.”

The situation was not good. We only had enough food and water for a week. Worse yet, the marauders from the other community could return at any time looking for more scraps. My initial primary concern was security. The threat of having my wife raped and my children killed in front of me would never happen again. I will never again feel that powerless and helpless. I remember my concealed-carry course instructor telling our class, “If you look like food, you will be eaten.” At the time I didn't understand the reference, but now it's very clear. The strong will prey on the weak. It's time to harden up and face reality. People are starting to get desperate, and that desperation is justification enough to do terrible things to their fellow man.

I pulled the beat-up-looking SIG SAUER P226 9mm from its hidden location. Years ago a friend said a local gun store had several police trade-in P226s that looked rough, but were probably shot very few times. On his advice, I purchased the pistol, but it only came with one magazine. At the time it didn't matter to me, as I would purchase more magazines later; but later never seemed to happen. One pistol and one magazine of ammunition — it would have to do. I loaded the pistol, and put it in my waistband; never did find time to buy that holster either.

“OK, here's our situation,” I started. It was a sobering conversation. We needed a long-term plan to survive until the situation changes. Our priorities were security, shelter, water, and food. Shelter wasn't an issue, and I already had plans to improve our security. Even though the power had gone out, we had plenty of firewood to burn to keep the house heated, to boil water for purification, and to cook our food on the wood-burning stove. The immediate concern was that all of the firewood was stacked in back of the house. It would have to be moved indoors immediately to be protected from thieves. We had enough holiday and decorative candles to last us for several months should we need light at night, and those could be supplemented with several flashlights that were available.

Fortunately, having solar-powered chargers for a few of our batteries and electronics proved one of our most valuable resources. We could turn on the phones and computers once a day to see if the cellular and Internet networks were on line, and the chargers provided all the recharging power we needed at the moment.

I asked my wife and daughter to bring every plastic bin and tote they could find down to the living room while my son and I started moving the firewood into the house. In short order, all of the firewood was secured inside. Stacked in the corner were around 15 plastic bins of various sizes and shapes. My plan was to cut all the rain gutters around the house and to place a bin underneath each drain to catch whatever rain water, snow, or morning dew that accumulated. We would collect up the bins at night to secure them and use the three bathtubs in the house as a place to store the water. If water ran critically short, I would drive to a running stream about 2 miles from the house and fill up the bins to bring back home.

I still needed to secure the ground floor of our home, but I had another task for my wife and daughter. “The neighbors need to know what happened to us and we need their help,” I said. My wife wasn't thrilled with the idea of going outside, but we needed to warn the neighbors about the marauders and to see if any of them could spare some food. She finally agreed, and she and my daughter set out to warn the neighbors. “Hey, make a mental note of those homes who do help us, OK?” I asked. “We need to repay their generosity when we are able.” My wife nodded in agreement and left. I looked down at my boy as I closed the door, “C'mon son, we got work to do.”

Long ago I had built storage shelves in the garage; now I needed that wood for another purpose. After disassembling the shelves, everything was moved into the house. I was just about finished with the security preparations when my wife and daughter returned home. I was expecting some vigorous protests from my wife after she had seen how I had boarded up every first-floor window inside the home with sections of 2×4 wood bars. If anyone was going to force themselves into my home again, they would be funneled through the front or back door, making it easier to deal with them as a threat. Looking around, my wife quietly walked up and kissed me on the cheek with an approving look. I smiled and went back to work.

I mounted metal brackets into the frames around the front and rear doors. The brackets were just wide enough to lay two sections of wood flat into each bracket at the top and bottom of each door. The sections could easily be removed to allow the door to open. Nobody was getting through these doors without smashing down the entire facade of the house. Satisfied with my security preparations, I walked into the kitchen to check on my wife.

“Everyone I spoke with was grateful to know about the attack, and a few homes gave us some food. We now have enough food to get us through the next two weeks, maybe three if we ration it.” While the news was good and it lifted my spirits some, I was still concerned. This is a short-term fix, I thought to myself. I need better options. Later that night, I discussed my plan with my wife. She was concerned, but understood and agreed with me.

Early the next morning, I grabbed my gear bag and backpack in the garage. I pulled out my hunting equipment and my compound bow. I hadn't been hunting in years, never seemed to have the time anymore, but now it wasn't for enjoyment. It was for survival. I gave the P226 to the wife. “Bar the door and shoot anyone trying to break in,” I said. She nodded and was quite capable of doing it. “I'll be back tonight or sooner if I can find us some food.”

I put my gear in the car and pulled out of the neighborhood. It was a short drive out of town to the mountains. Finding a secluded spot, I backed the car into some trees, doing my best to conceal it from view. I pulled out the dusty, old Club from the trunk and locked it onto the steering wheel. Yeah, it's lame, but it's better than nothing, I thought. Being the provider for my family had never taken on such a literal meaning, until now. I started walking into the woods — time to go shopping for dinner.

what-if-the-united-states-has-plugned-into-economic-collapse-emergency-supplies

Survival Expert: Tim MacWelch's Approach

Another frigid night had passed, and my family began to stir as the light came through the windows. It was too cold and too dangerous to sleep in separate rooms, so we all slept in a smaller upstairs bedroom. My wife and I had the little bed, and the kids slept on cots. We had discovered by chance that our guest room faced south and warmed up nicely in the sunlight each day, so this was where we spent much of our time.

The robbery yesterday still had the entire family rattled. My daughter was taking it the worst. Normally a chatty and upbeat girl, she was silent and slow moving, distracted, and depressed.

It was time to give the whole family a little bit of hope, to reveal what I had hidden: I led my wife and kids to the master bathroom. “Remember when we had that water leak, and I repaired the drywall myself?” My wife was quick to reply that she thought of oatmeal covered with copy paper every time she looked at my lumpy Harry Homeowner repair job. I smiled, and Johnny chuckled. It was good to hear that sound again. “Well, if the wall's so bad, I'll tear it down,” I responded. A quick jab to the drywall and my arm was buried wrist-deep in the wall. My wife gasped and then stood shocked as I started ripping away chunks of the plasterboard. “Help me with this, Johnny” I asked. He was quick to oblige.

My son tore at the brittle sheetrock, shouting, “There's something in here!” Suddenly, my crazy idea to stash some food and supplies in the wall didn't seem so crazy anymore. “Oh my God,” Janine said. I told them that there was one week's food for the four of us, bottled water, and a loaded handgun.

After being showered with kisses, even from the boy, I set us up with the first good meal we'd had in a while. The fuel tabs and folding stove I had stashed in the wall were handy for heating up some water, which quickly rehydrated our freeze-dried camping meals. Food in a pouch had never tasted so good. “We have to hide all of this, even hide the trash,” I said. We didn't know if those men would be back, or if they told others about us. We decided to hide the trash back in the wall, and hide the food in the bottom of the Halloween decorations box in the attic. “Who'd ever think to look in there,” we agreed. Now it was time to build a plan.

No one was going to work anymore. The kids weren't going to school either. I knew our food would be gone in a week. We had to find ways to get more, without exposing ourselves to so many risks. We had to restore some semblance of normalcy. And most of all, we had to be able to defend ourselves from another possible attack.

Since the power and water went out, life had drifted into a weird routine. In the morning, our family would collect snow in pots and pans, then bring it into the house and place it in the sunnier windows to melt. Our “bathroom” situation was a bucket for pee and a rectangular bin for the other business. The “shower” was a soapy washcloth wipe-down in the bathtub. Before the attack, when we weren't messing with water procurement, we spent the rest of the time sitting around bored. But that time was over. It was time to take our survival into our own hands.

We needed heat, water, food, and defense. The heat was tricky to come by, as so many people had scavenged all the deadfall sticks and wood around the neighborhood to burn in their fireplaces and stoves. But we did make a deal with a neighbor to help him split and carry firewood from a nearby strip of forest, in exchange for some of it. He had a chainsaw and the fuel, we had a splitting axe and labor to offer. Soon, we were able to burn wood for heat, cook by the fireplace, and melt our snow quickly and easily for drinking water. For food, we started making traps, like the ones they taught Johnny in Boy Scouts. We used all kinds of wire from the house and garage, and made some box traps too. Soon we were catching wild neighborhood rabbits in snares, and small birds in box traps. These became tolerable tasting soups and stews, allowing us to stretch our one-week supply of food into several weeks' worth.

The defense part was still the most pressing issue on my mind. We never went anywhere without all family members going together and the handgun tucked into my concealed holster. We boarded up the first-floor windows to make it harder for anyone to break in. We also made brackets behind the doors and set them up with 2×4 pieces to bar the doors from the inside. We finally felt a little safer in our own home.

Our self-reliant activity seemed to be catchy, as the neighborhood trade network was soon booming. Every afternoon, people met in the neighborhood playground and set out their trade goods on blankets, cardboard pieces, fold-out tables. We traded some of our skinned rabbits for candles and ammo. We also helped several neighbors fortify their houses in exchange for some precious canned goods. People traded goods, labor, security-guard services, and the like. And anyone who brought out paper money was generally laughed at, or occasionally run off. After a few weeks of trading, we finally had enough rounds of ammunition to feel like we could hold our own. Spring was coming to an end.

If the National Guard didn't show up soon, we planned to trade for seeds, use the tools in the garage to dig a garden, and grow some of our own food as soon as the danger of frost had passed. Maybe we could make it until the peace and utilities were established again, if our neighborhood could keep working together and fend off any possible robbers.

what-if-the-united-states-has-plugned-into-economic-collapse-bartering

Conclusion

This type of scenario is a dismal one, with no easy exit strategy. We wouldn't wish this type of future on anyone, not even our worst enemy. And the scariest part is that this scenario has happened in recent years.

The economic collapse in Argentina left people without money, without utilities, and at the mercy of the rising tide of criminals between 1998 and 2002. People died from injuries during robberies, they died from dysentery due to a lack of clean water and basic sanitation, and they died from an inability to pay for the limited, overpriced medical care. If it can happen in a large, modernized country like Argentina, it can happen almost anywhere.

If this kind of scenario bothers you, then make some strides to be prepared for it. Stock up on some long-lived shelf-stable foods, water disinfection equipment, and tools for self-defense. You don't have to bury them in your walls, but it's a good idea to keep them in a secure, hidden location. And let's pray this bit of fiction never becomes reality.

How would you react to the same scenario as played out by our panel? Share your plan with us on our Facebook page: www.facebook.com/OFFGRIDmag.


Surviving a Digital Apocalypse Through Backups

When was the last time you hand-wrote and mailed a letter? Aside from unavoidable legal documents, it's probably been a while. We'd also be willing to bet you haven't listened to music off any cassette tapes, or recorded TV with a VCR recently. How about developing photos on film, or making an album of 3×5 prints? Most people don't bother. Many of us don't even own many physical books anymore, since it's easier to condense them all onto a single handheld device.

Backups laptop

You may see where we're going with this—in this digital age, the concept of physical hard copies seems to be going the way of the dodo bird. Although the idea of only storing all your mail, music, photos, videos, and books in “the cloud” may seem like an easy and worry-free plan, it leaves you wide open to losing some of your most meaningful possessions in an instant. For all its convenience, digital data is by definition ephemeral—zeros and ones that are here one second, and gone the next.

The internal platter of a computer hard drive is fragile, but can store decades of precious data.

The internal platter of a computer hard drive is quite fragile, but can store decades of precious data.

Now, we're not some sort of luddites who advocate burying physical printouts and reel-to-reel tapes of everything you've ever owned in a secret bunker. However, unless you're ready to permanently lose your favorite songs, letters from your family, or the priceless photos of your children, you'd better wisely prepare for the loss of your digital assets. Just like any other form of disaster preparedness, the time to start getting ready is right now. That's why we're going to show you how to backup your data before SHTF.

Backup Types

So, when it comes to saving your digital files, documents, emails, photos, and other data, there are two main categories to be aware of: onsite and offsite. These main categories are just as they sound—onsite is at your home, office, or wherever you normally store the data for day-to-day use, and offsite is any other location. Any I.T. guy worth their salt will tell you that every backup plan should involve BOTH onsite and offsite data storage. That way, if your home or office is wiped out, you'll have the data stored elsewhere, and if the Internet goes down and you can't access offsite cloud-based backups, you'll still have access to your files at home (or work).

Now we'll break it down further to subcategories: full, differential, or incremental. Each has its pros and cons, as listed below.

Full Backup: saves 100% of your data (i.e. every file on your computer) each time you choose to back up. For example, backing up your entire computer hard drive once a week.

  • Pros: Simplest method to set up, and easiest method to restore data from.
  • Cons: Extremely slow and time-consuming, uses lots of storage/disk space.

Differential Backup: a single full backup, plus a backup of only the files that have changed since the last full backup. (Illustration courtesy of the CodeTwo Admin's Blog.)

Backups differential

  • Pros: Much faster than a full backup, and takes up less storage/disk space.
  • Cons: The size of each differential backup grows (and becomes more time-consuming) until a new full backup is created.

Incremental Backup: a single full backup, plus a backup of only files that have changed since the last differential backup. (Illustration courtesy of the CodeTwo Admin's Blog.)

Backups incremental

  • Pros: The fastest of the three methods, and uses the least storage each time.
  • Cons: Most prone to failure to restore data properly, as it requires all increments to be present. Restoring is also time-consuming.

We recommend choosing at least two different combinations from this list. For example, an onsite full backup (like an external hard drive that you update weekly or monthly) AND an offsite incremental backup (like a cloud-based online backup service that updates automatically every few hours). Obviously, you can add more methods for additional security, but these two choices would be a very good start.

Backup Media & Devices

Backups thumb drive

Thumb drives, flash drives, or USB keys lack moving parts and are often highly durable.

Now that we've discussed the theory behind how to choose backup types, we can discuss the more practical side: what to use to back up your data. This means either physical media, like thumb drives, DVDs, and hard drives, or remote cloud-based backup services such as Carbonite, DropBox, or Google Drive. Below, we'll address the pros and cons of several types of backup media, to help you choose which are best for your situation:

Flash Memory (memory cards, thumb drives, and solid state drives/SSDs)

  • Pros: Compact, extremely durable (some can even survive impact, liquid submersion, and magnets)
  • Cons: Generally have less storage space than hard drives, cost more per gigabyte of space than hard drives
DVDs and other optical media is rapidly going the way of the floppy disk: obsolete and forgotten.

The DVD and other optical media formats are rapidly going the way of the floppy disk: obsolete and forgotten.

Optical Discs (DVDs, CDs, or Blu-Ray)

  • Pros: Inexpensive, relatively compact and lightweight
  • Cons: Very fragile, obsolete format (many new computers no longer have disc drives)

Hard Drives: Internal (bolted inside your computer tower or case) or external (inside a separate, portable case)

  • Pros: Very inexpensive per gigabyte, fast file transfer speed, external hard drives are portable
  • Cons: Fragile (susceptible to impact and magnets), prone to unexpected catastrophic failure, will likely be obsolete within 10 years (being replaced by flash-based SSDs)

A file server often contains many hard drives running in parallel. This redundancy yields better reliability.

Commercial-Grade Options: Tape Backups, FTP File Servers, and NAS (Network Attached Storage)

  • Pros: Feature many redundancies, fast transfer speed, often Internet-connected for remote access from anywhere, often feature backup power sources
  • Cons: Expensive (can cost thousands of dollars), complex to set up, complex to maintain, susceptible to hackers if connected to the Internet

Cloud-Based Online Backup Services (Carbonite, DropBox, Google Drive, etc.)

  • Pros: Remote location, easy access from any Internet-connected device, no maintenance or upkeep required
  • Cons: Typically require a monthly fee, insecure (susceptible to hackers and surveillance), impossible to access without Internet connection

Conclusions

If you've read this far, good for you—by thinking about backing up your digital files, you're already miles ahead of the average computer user. Most people don't give backups a second thought until it's too late, and they run the risk of learning a very hard lesson. If you don't want to be left empty-handed after a single hardware failure, house fire, or home invasion robbery destroys all your digital assets, you'll start backing up your data early and often.

Backup your data now, or run the risk of finding out what

Backup your data ASAP, or take the chance that your discs will get burned… literally.

We recommend you choose AT LEAST three of the media types above to back up any important files you may own, and make sure AT LEAST one of those media types is offsite. So, here's an example of a safe and easy 3-tier backup plan:

  • External 2-Terabyte (2TB) hard drive, always on your desk and plugged into your computer, set to complete a full backup once a week. (Onsite full backup, hard drive, approx $80)
  • 128-Gigabyte (128GB) USB thumb drive, stored in your bug-out bag in the trunk of your car, manually plugged into your computer and fully backed up once a month. (Offsite full backup, flash memory, approx $30)
  • Cloud-based backup service, set to incrementally backup daily over the Internet. (Offsite incremental backup, online service, approx $100 per year)

There you have it. You can easily have all your important files backed up in 3 locations for under $250, and never have to worry about losing your digital files again. That's what we'd call a cheap insurance policy. If you want to take it to the next level of security, you can also encrypt your files, to make it virtually impossible for anyone else to access them. Encryption adds more steps to the backup process, but it's crucial, especially if you're storing sensitive data offsite.

Start backing up your files today, or run the risk of losing them forever. The choice is yours.


Motoped Survival Bikes

In a survival scenario, a motorcycle could certainly be a good option for transportation. However, it's loud, heavy, and requires a fair amount of practice to ride. Conversely, a bicycle has none of these flaws, but instead it's slow and tiring to ride for long distances. What if the advantages of both these vehicles were combined? Well, a company called Motoped has done just that. We first spotted the Motoped at SEMA by the OPTIMA Econoline van, and were immediately interested to learn more about this rugged motorized bike company.

Motoped cruzer

The Motoped Cruzer has a cool urban look that would appear right at home in a big city.

The concept of a motorized bike is nothing new per se, but Motoped certainly takes a new approach to this mode of transportation. They offer three different bikes: Cruzer, Pro, and Survival. The Cruzer is the sort of street-oriented motorized bike you may have seen before, but with some unique wood, leather, and bare metal elements that give it a sort of beach-cruiser-meets-steampunk look. Next, the Pro resembles an ultra-lightweight dirt bike, complete with rugged fairings and knobbly tires.

Motoped Pro

The Motoped Pro echoes the styling on a motocross bike, but on a lightweight and maneuverable frame.

Finally, there's the Survival, which is the bike that really piqued our interest. It features off-road-ready design, a universal gear rack, and two side-mounted fuel tanks that can extend the bike's range to up to 300 miles. All Motoped bikes offer a 49cc 2-horsepower motor and fully automatic 2-stage transmission standard, but the Pro and Survival bikes also offer a more powerful 125cc 7.8-horsepower motor as an option. You can even install your own motor with up to 155cc, as long as it uses a standard E-22 Honda-style frame bolt pattern. Of course, you can still pedal the bike normally when you need to do so.

Motoped Survival 2

The Motoped Survival bike is ready to handle just about any terrain, and it's loaded with two extra fuel tanks.

Any of these three Motoped models can be ordered fully-assembled, partially assembled (minus an engine), or as a DIY kit in a box. The bikes' MSRP ranges from $2,299 for a Cruzer DIY kit, to $3,799 for a fully assembled Survival Bike with 125cc engine. They might not be cheap, but they combine the best aspects of bicycles and motorcycles, and they're just downright cool. We definitely hope to get our hands on one someday for a full review!

To learn more about the Motoped line of bikes, check out their web site: Motoped.com.


Tactical Flashlights with Striking Bezels

Light can be an effective weapon in the dark. It can help illuminate dim corners so that no surprises jump out at you. But should something (or someone) leap toward you, having a flashlight with a striking bezel could give you an advantage. A blast of bright white light in the face of a night-adjusted foe could momentarily blind him, giving you enough time to deliver a powerful defensive blow and create space to escape.

A striking bezel is essentially the rim on a flashlight's head that helps protect its lens, but is shaped like a pointy crown. Some can be subtle with minimal ridges, while others look like a circle of steel teeth (which could get you unwanted attention from authorities). Keep in mind you don't always need sharp bezels to do damage. After all, getting hit in the face with a tactical flashlight is essentially like getting hit with a small aluminum baton. But with a striking bezel you can do more soft tissue damage and draw blood faster that can then get in a bad guy's eyes, further limiting his vision.

So, in this installment of HighLights, we take a look at a selection of tactical flashlights to shine some light (pun totally intended) on the various striking bezels available out there. Some of these torches are small enough to be carried daily, while others are comfortable in a toolbox or slung on the outside of a bug-out bag. Some use throwaway batteries, while others use rechargeables — and one can even switch between the two types. Read on to see which one “strikes” your fancy.

Tactical Flashlights with Striking Bezels

  • Brite-Strike RHIGHT Duty Light

    Lumen Output - High 600 / Low 170 / Strobe 600
    Runtime - High 2 h / Low 8 h / Strobe 2.5 h
    Overall Length - 6.25 in
    Weight with Battery - 6.7 oz
    Battery Type - Rechargeable Lithium 18650 (included)
    URL - http://www.brite-strike.com/
    Controls - Constant on/momentary tailcap push-button switch

    The rechargeable Brite-Strike RHIGHT Duty Light is 100-percent waterproof and was developed to use the latest Cree LED to cast 600 lumens of light for two hours on its high setting.

  • Coast Products Polysteel 600

    Lumen Output - High 620 / Medium 220 / Low 64
    Runtime - High 2 h / Medium 4.5 h / Low 34 h
    Overall Length - (Flood Mode): 7.87 in, (Spot Mode): 8.12 in
    Weight with Battery - 12 oz
    Battery Type - AA (4, included)
    URL - http://www.coastportland.com/
    Controls - Beam-focusing twist bezel, constant on/momentary tailcap push-button

    Tested and rated to ANSI/FL1 standards, the Polysteel 600 flashlight's body has a stainless steel core that's enclosed in a grip-textured nylon polymer.

  • Coleman CTAC 60 LED

    Lumen Output - High 600 / Medium 300 / Low 20 / Strobe N/A
    Runtime - High 2 h / Medium 5 h / Low 30 h / Strobe N/A
    Overall Length - 6.5 in
    Weight with Battery - 7.6 oz
    Battey Type - Rechargeable Li-Ion 18650 (included)
    URL - http://www.coleman.com/
    Controls- Constant on/momentary tailcap push-button switch

    Coleman's CTAC 60 LED Flashlight is USB rechargeable and can produce up to 600 lumens of light while on high mode.

  • Olight M10 Maverick

    Lumen Output - High 350 / Medium 80 / Low 5
    Runtime - High 1.25 h / Medium 7.5 h/ Low 108 h
    Overall Length - 3.7 in
    Weight with Battery - 2.4 oz
    Battery Type - CR123A (1, not included)
    URL - http://www.olightworld.com/
    Controls - Constant on/momentary tailcap push-button switch, programmable side switch

    The M10 Maverick has picked up a legion of fans for Olight and for good reason.

  • PK Design Lab PKFL2LE

    Lumen Output - High 600-650 / Low 40
    Runtime - High 1.4 h / Low 21.8 h
    Overall Length - 5 in
    Weight with Battery - 6.2 oz
    Battery Type - Lithium 123A (2, not included)
    URL - http://www.pkdesignlab.com/
    Controls - Constant on/momentary tailcap push-button switch

    Offered in a limited edition batch of 1,000 pieces only, the PKFL2LE is hands down the most aggressively contoured flashlight in this guide.

  • Streamlight ProTac HL USB

    Lumen Output - High 850 / Medium 350 / Low 85 / Strobe N/A
    Runtime - High 1.5 h/ Medium 4 h / Low 12 h/ Strobe 1.5 h
    Overall Length - 6.5 in
    Weight with Nattery - 7.2 oz
    Batterty Type - Rechargeable Li-Ion 18650 (included) or CR123 Lithium (3, not included)
    URL - http://www.streamlight.com
    Controls - Programmable constant on/momentary tailcap push-button switch

    Streamlight is well known for making solid performing flashlights and the ProTac HL USB is no exception.

  • SureFire E1D LED Defender

    Lumen Output - High 300 / Low 5
    Runtime - High 1.3 h / Low 47 h
    Overall Length - 4.25 in
    Weight with Battery - 3.1 oz
    Battery Type - 123A (1, included)
    URL - http://www.surefire.com/
    Controls - Constant on/momentary tailcap push-button switch

    SureFire has built an impeccable reputation around the world thanks to its high-quality products.


First Aid Misconceptions

Most of us understand the importance of first aid, but unless you're working in the medical field or using your knowledge every day, it's easy to fall behind on key techniques. As with much of the medical field, these techniques are always changing, so it's crucial to brush up periodically—you never know when your knowledge could mean the difference between life and death.

KMW Krav vs Wild III first cut 170

Thanks to recent research studies, first aid techniques such as the use of a tourniquet are now being seen in a new...

The team at LifeHacker recently came up with a helpful list of six parts of first aid training that may have changed since you learned them. We've summarized them below, but for more details, check out the full article on LifeHacker.

  • CPR: the “ABCs” (airway, breathing, chest compression – in that order) have been re-ordered to “CAB”, or chest compressions, airway, then breathing. Some researchers have even claimed that mouth-to-mouth breathing is unnecessary, recommending hands-only CPR.
  • Tourniquets: although they have been discouraged in the past due to risk of limb damage, research has found the rate of complications is lower than initially thought. You should still only use them if you can't stop bleeding with pressure, but don't worry so much about losing limbs from a properly applied tourniquet.
  • Poison Control: some first aid classes in the past suggested inducing vomiting if someone ingests a toxic substance. Don't do this, as it could cause more damage depending on the toxin involved. Call Poison Control immediately and follow their advice.
  • Severed Digits: Don't just put them directly on ice, as this can damage the flesh, making reattachment surgery impossible. Wrap them in cloth, then put them on ice.
  • Seizure Victims: Some people think putting items in their mouth for them to bite down on will help. It won't. Cushion the victim's head if possible (but don't hold them down), stand clear, and call 911.
  • Heimlich Maneuver: It's now recommended to hit the victim's back with the heel of your hand before using the Heimlich maneuver. This helps dislodge foreign objects.

FAST Pack EDC Review

The core of any everyday-carry or go bag is just that: the bag. You can agonize all day long about what to include in your kit, but if the bag itself is an ergonomic hindrance under pressure—or worse yet, it breaks—you're going to have a bad time. Since you don't want to be stuck pushing around your bug-out supplies in a wheelbarrow like some deranged hobo, it's paramount to survival to have a backpack you can trust completely.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Triple Aught Design (or TAD) has made a name for itself by producing apparel and gear that's built to last. Even their name indicates this detail-oriented philosophy. TAD states on their web site, “Engineers and machinists use 000 (triple aught) as shorthand for a thousandth of an inch, which has been the high standard of precision tolerance for over a century. Inspired by that ideal, we apply thorough design, high attention to detail, and strict tolerances to ensure our products meet your most rigorous needs.” In this market flooded by outsourced products manufactured by the lowest bidder, it's nice to see a homegrown company focusing on the details. Every stitch has its purpose.

About eight years ago, TAD introduced the FAST Pack EDC, its first backpack design. The EDC's success eventually spawned a second smaller pack design known as the Litespeed. The EDC provides about 50% more interior storage space than the Litespeed, and has a few additional pouches that help it be better-suited for carrying a wider assortment of gear. These two rucksacks are the only models offered by Triple Aught Design, and both have gone through several design revisions over the years. So, we decided to pick up the EDC, and test it out.

FAST Pack EDC Specs

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

The FAST Pack EDC is a full-size daily-carry backpack, with a 1800 cubic inch (31.1 liter) interior volume. Exterior dimensions are 12″ x 22″ x 7″ (30.5 x 55.8 x 17.8 cm), and unladen weight is 72 oz (2 kg). It includes the following features:

  • 1000-Denier Invista Cordura Fabric
  • Hypalon Reinforced Top Handle
  • External Zippered Hydration Pocket with Top Access Water Bladder Port
  • Two Removable Compression Shoulder Straps with D-Rings
  • Horizontal Sternum Strap
  • Removable Closed Foam Cell Padded Waistbelt with Webbing
  • Removable Transporter Tail
  • Removable HDPE Frame Sheet
  • Triple Aught Design Signature Flashlight Cave
  • ITW Nexus Buckles and YKK #8 and #10 Nylon Coil Reverse Zippers

This backpack is made in the USA, and sold at an MSRP of $325. It is available in black, Coyote Khaki, or Foliage Green.

The Exterior

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Immediately upon picking up the FAST Pack EDC, we were impressed by the quality of the materials used. You can tell this pack was made to take a beating, with its thick Cordura fabric, sturdy ITW buckles, and quality YKK zippers. The use of name-brand components is reassuring, as it tells you each part of this pack has had actual thought put into its design. Then again, you're definitely paying for this luxury—the FAST Pack EDC's $325 MSRP is almost enough to buy two comparable backpacks from some of TAD's competitors.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Slinging the backpack over our shoulders for the first time, we found it to be reasonably comfortable, but a bit finicky to adjust. First, you'll need to set the sliding adjusters at the top of the shoulder straps, then set the compression straps' length and buckle them in place over each shoulder. While these buckling compression straps seem somewhat redundant most of the time, this design allows you to retain a jacket or sleeping bag across the top of the pack, which is handy. There are two more compression straps on the bottom of the bag, which serve the same purpose.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Adjustable compression straps buckle over the shoulder straps.

From a comfort standpoint, the other thing we noticed is that the padded portion of the shoulder straps doesn't reach all the way over your shoulders, only to just above the collarbone. This isn't a big deal until the pack is fully loaded down, at which point the non-padded portion tends to dig in and cause discomfort. We really wish the entirety of the straps were padded (although TAD will change this with their latest revision, more on that later). However, the padded waist belt is extremely comfortable, and we appreciate that its pull-through mount permits quick removal when the waist strap is not in use.

On the opposite side of the pack, you'll find TAD's signature “Transporter Tail” (seen above) attached with two buckles on each side, and two straps at the bottom. This removable panel is covered in PALS webbing, allowing for expansion with MOLLE-compatible gear, and it can be detached and reinstalled inside the pack's main compartment if you prefer. When you detach the four side buckles, the Transporter Tail also hangs down like a beaver tail, allowing for vertical storage of long items like rifles, fishing poles, or skis.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

The rest of the FAST Pack EDC's exterior is covered in more PALS webbing, including additional 2-inch webbing that's compatible with quick-detach Tek-Lok mounted sheaths and holsters. Other notable exterior features include a section of Velcro for morale patches (such as our favorite OG patch) and sturdy paracord zipper pulls.

The Interior

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Now that we've talked about the FAST Pack EDC's exterior, we'll get into the compartments. Starting at the top, there's an admin pocket above the Velcro patch, and it includes an organizer for pens and other small items. Another zippered pouch lies below it, behind the Transporter Tail. Each side of the pack has a zippered accessory pocket, but the right-hand accessory pocket also has a secondary zipper at the bottom. TAD calls this a Flashlight Cave, and it can easily be opened while the pack is worn. This allows quick access to a flashlight, knife, or keys, especially when those items are clipped to the pouch's internal D-ring with a gear retractor.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

See the unzipped pouch? That's the opening to the Flashlight Cave.

An externally-zippered hydration pouch supports all major bladder systems, and provides a Hypalon-reinforced top exit for the tube. Finally, we unzipped the main compartment, noting that  it only opens halfway down the pack. We generally prefer full-size packs with full clamshell opening, since they can be flat-packed on a bench or table top, but others may prefer the EDC's top-loading half-clamshell style.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Inside the main compartment, there's a zip-up mesh pocket for smaller items, and buckles for the aforementioned Transporter Tail (in case you want to put it inside the pack, rather than outside). A small plastic hook provides an attachment point for keys, but its construction is nowhere near as sturdy as the pack's other buckles, and seems like an overlooked detail.

We were disappointed to see that the FAST Pack EDC lacks more internal pouches in the main compartment, such as a laptop pocket. That said, we'll probably end up moving the Transporter Tail inside this compartment, since it can retain a laptop or tablet, and it provides PALS webbing for mounting extra MOLLE pouches.

Conclusions

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

All in all, the FAST Pack EDC is a very good backpack with a few notable flaws. Here's a breakdown of our Pros and Cons for this pack:

Pros:

  • Excellent build quality with name-brand fabric, zippers, and buckles.
  • Compression straps at the top and bottom help retain bulky items.
  • Flashlight Cave provides access to tools without removing the pack.
  • Comfortable and easily removable waist belt.
  • Made in USA.

Cons:

  • Price. $325 is a lot of money for a pack under 2000 cubic inches.
  • Shoulder straps. The padding is marginal, and is totally absent where it's needed most.
  • Main compartment only has one pocket, and lacks a laptop pouch.
  • Half-clamshell opening isn't optimal for loading.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Now, remember how we mentioned Triple Aught Design has a tendency to redesign its existing products? A few weeks after we got this pack, TAD announced the release of a completely redesigned version for 2015. This new version has a number of alterations, including full clamshell opening and a significantly improved fully-padded strap design—both features we were hoping for!

The 2015 update increases the MSRP slightly to $340, but we'd have gladly shelled out the additional $15 if we knew a new model was on its way. The fact that our pack is no longer top-of-the-line has us feeling a bit remorseful, like a customer who walks out of an electronics retailer with the latest and greatest laptop, only to find out a new model made it obsolete the next day.

The new FAST Pack EDC 2015 Edition, with weather-resistant roll-top closure.

The new FAST Pack EDC 2015 Edition, with weather-resistant roll-top closure.

Instead of immediately replacing the pack we tested with the 2015 model, we wish TAD would have continued to offer the “old” design at a discounted price alongside the new one, providing an option for budget-minded customers. Regardless, we'll do our best to get our hands on a 2015 EDC pack for a follow-up review, and tell you firsthand if the updates make a difference.


Ruger Knives by CRKT

If you’re a fan of Ruger firearms, you know they’re designed to be rugged, reliable, and affordably priced. With this same mentality, Ruger has ventured into knives, partnering with master knife-smiths at CRKT to develop a line of new blades that fit the Ruger name to a T. These knives feature a wide array of sizes, shapes, finishes, and purposes, all of which have been inspired by aesthetic details of Ruger firearm designs. And, since they’re being manufactured by CRKT, you know they’re going to be razor sharp and built to last.

The first design that caught our eye is the “Go-N-Heavy”, which is a liner-locking folder designed by Bill Harsey. Its knobbly anodized Sure Grip handles certainly look the part, and its stonewashed 5” drop point blade with inlaid Ruger logo has a clean appearance.

Next up is another design by Bill Harsey: the “Accurate”. Appropriate for its name, this straightforward hunting knife resembles the classic fixed-blade designs many of us grew up around. Its satin-finished 4.4” plain-edged blade and rubber-overmolded grip aren’t overly flashy, but the red inset Ruger medallion is a nice subtle touch.

To view more of these Ruger knives from CRKT, visit Ruger.com/CRKT.


Identifying Mil-Spec 550lb Paracord

Paracord is an awesome resource for survival, there's no doubt about that. However, as is the case with any item that gains widespread popularity, it's eventually going to get knocked off, duplicated, or replicated by the lowest bidder. With many complex consumer goods, it's fairly easy to tell the fakes from the originals, but with something as simple as paracord, it can be tricky. So, we wanted to clear up some misconceptions and give you a quick summary of how to identify REAL mil-spec paracord. The last thing you want is to be stuck in a survival scenario with bargain-basement cordage that you thought you could depend on.

In a nutshell, here's how to identify real mil-spec 550lb paracord:

  • The cord will be advertised as “C-5040H Type III” or feature this terminology on its packaging. “C-5040H” is the military specification that defines and regulates paracord supplied to the US Armed Forces. However, be aware that C-5040H defines six different strength grades, ranging from 95lb to 750lb. “Type III” indicates that the cord is 550lb rated, the most common and widely used grade of mil-spec paracord. (Note that some commercially available cords may be listed as “Mil-Spec” or “Military Grade” but do not meet the C-5040H Type III standard, and as a result will not mention it.)
  • The cord will contain 7 to 9 internal yarn strands. Again, this is exactly as required by C-5040H Type III regulations. Other C-5040H compliant paracord, such as Type I 95lb cord, will contain less internal strands. But, if you want the 550lb test, you'll need 7 to 9 strands.
  • Each internal yarn strand will be tightly braided from 3 smaller nylon fibers. Most commercial-grade paracord uses 2 or 3 fibers, and they're often more loosely braided than mil-spec.
  • At least one internal yarn strand will have a colored marker thread. These marker threads are used to identify the cord's manufacturer, so that the cord can be traced back to its origin if it's found to be defective. Most commercial-grade paracord lacks these colored threads, and has only plain white nylon inside the sheath.
  • Most importantly, the cord can hold 550lbs of weight, or more. If the cord cannot be tested to suspend a minimum of 550lbs of weight, it fails to meet the C-5040H Type III standard.
Genuine C-5040H Type III mil-spec paracord. Image: Wikimedia

Genuine C-5040H Type III mil-spec paracord. Image: Wikimedia Commons

If you cut off a piece of your paracord, and it meets all the visual requirements, you've probably got real mil-spec 550lb paracord. However, if it doesn't, that doesn't mean it's worthless! There are plenty of civilian manufacturers which produce high-quality 550lb paracord that meets many (but not quite all) of these specifications. Then again, there are many brands that use low-quality polyester and weak single-strand cores.

The only way to know for sure if your paracord is real C-5040H Type III mil-spec is to make sure it meets ALL the above requirements.


Bug-Out Boots Buyer’s Guide

Bug-out this, bug-out that. There's no shortage of products and preparation for all sorts of potential calamities, from the cataclysmic to transitory, from widespread societal breakdown to temporary disruptions due to natural or man-made disasters. Hold this magazine aside for one moment and look down — see those appendages at the ends of your legs you so often take for granted? One constant for all of these types of situations is that you're likely to spend a lot of time on your own two feet.

It's more than worthwhile to spend some time thinking about your needs in this regard, checking out some options, and then investing some of your hard-earned moolah. As they say, buy once, cry once. Read on for help on how to think about your needs, things to consider, and examples of the different types of shoes and boots you can choose from.

Foot Fetish

Mankind has not always had the benefit of different modes of transportation, extending our range and keeping our feet off the ground. There are cave drawings from tens of thousands of years ago depicting furs or animal skins wrapped around peoples' feet. Spend all day walking around barefoot, whether in the city or in the country, and it's not hard to figure out why. Natural and man-made terrain alike pose significant obstacles that footwear is designed to alleviate.

Advances in materials and manufacturing processes have moved beyond naturally occurring cloths, skins, and woods to incorporate synthetic and waterproof materials to achieve various desired characteristics. Rubbers, polymers, foams, and synthetic fabrics (along with the always-versatile leather) are widely utilized to provide comfort, cushioning, support, protection, and durability. Breathable waterproof membranes, such as Gore-Tex, provide a barrier from the elements with pores so small that water droplets can't penetrate, but big enough to allow water vapor to escape (see OFFGRID Issue 7 for a more detailed explanation of this technology in the rain jackets article).

As always, different intended applications and desired features dictate different design and material choices. So you first need to carefully consider your particular situation.

Assessing Your Needs

Surrounding terrain: Do you live in a large metropolitan concrete urban labyrinth, a suburban sprawl, a rural expanse of flatlands, endless desert, rugged mountains, or a swamp? Do you expect a lot of walking, such as slow and steady hiking across potentially treacherous terrain, or might you require the ability to be stealthy and quick, darting and sprinting around an urban landscape? The type of terrain you expect to most commonly encounter and the challenges posed by each will affect the type of footwear that you select.

Climate: How much heat or cold do you expect to see? How much and what type of precipitation? How much variation and what sort of extremes might you anticipate? Different types of footwear will lend themselves better to different climates. Generally speaking, for bug-out purposes, given the choice we're fans of opting for waterproof linings to block out the elements.

Daily routines: You may have a lot of warning before an event or none at all. What is your daily routine? Do you typically have ready access to your vehicle and supplies stashed there? Do you utilize public transit to and from work, thus only having access to what's on your person during the day? If you exclude sleeping, people typically spend at least half of their remaining time working. Do you have a job with a dress code or can you wear what you want? You might be required to wear shoes for one-third of your life that are not at all appropriate for bug-out situations. Think of all those office denizens in New York who hoofed it out of Manhattan in their fancy Prada dress shoes during the electrical blackout in 2003.

Special considerations: Make sure to think about whether you have any unique circumstances. For instance, do you expect to spend a lot of time on a watercraft or in extremely wet conditions? Waterproof footwear is great to keep out the elements, but if there's so much water in your environment that it gets inside your boots no matter what, you'll just end up with a waterproof boot that's full of water.

Most importantly, fit and comfort are absolutely critical. If your footwear doesn't fit properly, you may experience chafing and discomfort, and movement of your foot inside the shoe can cause injuries or painful blisters that may lead to infections. At best, this will slow down your movement as well as that of your companions. At worst, you may become a liability to the group or end up alone and unable to move. When all else fails, you can always count on yourself as a source of mobility, so stack the odds in your favor — take care of your feet.

Some of the technology that goes into a Salewa shoe. Clockwise from the top right on the perimeter: insole, nylon poly shank, EVA midsole, Gore-Tex Surround spacer. In the center are molds for the exterior trim and fasteners for the eyelet hooks.

Some of the technology that goes into a Salewa shoe. Clockwise from the top right on the perimeter: insole, nylon poly...

The Right Tool for the Job

We've highlighted several different types of footwear in this article:

Boots: Compared to shoes, boots and their more substantive construction with tougher and thicker materials tend to sacrifice mobility and weight for stability, durability, and protection. Higher-cut boots provide ankle support on uneven terrain as well as protection against weather, brush, and debris. The heftier midsoles, outsoles, and tread patterns supply cushioning for heavy loads and enhanced traction. As a primary footwear choice for TEOTWAWKI, or if you can only choose one, it's hard to beat boots.

Hiking/trekking/backpacking boots: A great all-around choice, hiking, trekking, or backpacking boots are designed to combine comfort and support for long miles and days spent on your feet in more challenging terrain. Boots designated for trekking and backpacking typically have stouter construction and stiffer midsoles for heavy loads. More flexible boots are more comfortable for walking around, but stiffer is actually better when it comes to providing support for load carriage and rough terrain. Some are optimized for warmer temperatures, and some offer insulation to keep your feet warm.

Hunting boots: Boots intended for the rigors of being in the field in harsh conditions while hunting lend themselves quite well to survival use. They often are waterproof with higher cuts for weather resistance and protection, and can typically be had with camouflage patterns. Insulated variants are also available for cold climates.

Military boots: The military is no stranger to deploying troops on foot in adverse conditions. So military-style boots are another natural choice for bug-out situations. They typically prioritize protection, stability, and load capacity, but these days there are more variations than ever.

Safety boots: Are you worried about potential safety hazards? Perhaps you live in a concrete jungle prone to earthquakes and are concerned about jagged, twisted metal and other threats to your precious feet. Safety boots feature armored toes and shanks to keep them safe. Heavy steel-toed boots have been supplemented by lighter composite-based armor that still offers robust protection.

Water boots: Some boots are intended specifically for extremely wet conditions — they aren't waterproof at all, but rather are designed to drain water out as quickly as possible.

Trail shoes: This hybrid footwear type is very versatile, striking a balance between the mobility and weight of athletic shoes with the durability and stability of boots. They sacrifice ankle support and protection, but are available with waterproofing and tread patterns to accommodate off-road use. They're great choices for flatter terrain with more moderate precipitation.

Cross trainers: Trainers are basically jack-of-all-trades athletic shoes, providing cushioning for running, lateral support, grip, and supreme comfort. But as athletic shoes first and foremost, they typically feature well-ventilated mesh uppers and are not nearly as sturdy and protective as the other footwear featured in this guide. However, they can be very useful for situations where speed and stealth are important, particularly in urban environments. Additionally, their size and light weight make them great choices as comfortable secondary footwear and as an emergency change of shoes for those who must wear other types of shoes for work.

Sandals: While not the best choice for primary bug-out footwear, sandals are handy to have on hand for water use or just plain relaxation from time to time. They'll air out your feet while providing some protection.

Check out the examples of the various types of footwear on the following pages. These products just scratch the surface, as there are tons of choices on the market in each category. Hopefully, we've helped you determine the criteria that are important to you. Once you've narrowed down your search, get out there and try them on so you can find the right fit.

No matter what you choose, take the time to break in your footwear. Synthetic and suede materials tend to need the least amount of break in and full-grain leather the most. Work your way up with longer and longer sessions — you'll be glad you did.

The Anatomy of a Boot

As part of our ongoing Department of Cool Things, we bring you a look inside a Salewa boot with Gore-Tex Surround technology:

bug-out-boots-buyers-guide-boot-anatomy

1. Gore-Tex Membrane: Windproof and waterproof membrane that's breathable and used in footwear and outerwear.

2. Gore-Tex Surround Spacer: Part of the Gore-Tex Surround system, the open structure of this spacer allows moisture and warmth to pass from below the foot
through the spacer and out of the shoe through side vents in the boot.

3. Insole: The thin material at the bottom of the shoe's interior where your foot rests; in this case it's ventilated.

4. Midsole: The layer (usually a type of foam rubber, ethyl vinyl acetate shown here) between the insole and the outsole that is arguably the most important part of footwear, as it determines cushioning and shock absorption; sometimes it has stability-control features built in.

5. Outsole: The part that makes contact with the terrain, providing traction and durability; more commonly referred to as just the “sole” of a shoe, boot, or sandal. The one shown here is a Vibram Hike Approach rubber outsole.

6. Rand: A strip of material (usually rubber) that wraps around the shoe where the midsole and upper meet; provides additional protection on tough terrain.

7. Shank: Stiff material that sits between the insole and midsole to provide support and stability. The shank here is made of nylon poly.

8. Upper: The largest portion of a shoe or boot that holds your foot down to the insole.

Bug-Out Boots Buyers Guide

  • bug-out-boots-buyers-guide-511-tactical-recon-trainer-001

    5.11 Tactical Recon Trainer

    Materials - Stretch mesh upper, OrthoLite insole, full-length CMEVA midsole, rubber outsole
    Colors - Black, dark coyote, sage, scope orange, shadow, storm
    URL - http://www.511tactical.com/

    The Recon Trainer is light and well ventilated with good lateral support.

  • Blackhawk Ultralight Side Zip Boot

    Materials - Cordura and suede leather upper, Dri-lex inner lining, OrthoLite insole, PU midsole, Vibram outsole
    Colors - Black, desert tan
    URL - http://www.blackhawk.com/

    These are lightweight duty/combat-style boots with a side zipper that makes it easy to gear up. Moreover, the laces thread through a toggle and are easy to cinch up and tuck into a pocket on the tongue.

  • Danner Steadfast 8-inch

    Materials - Nubuck leather and 900 Denier nylon upper, Danner Dry waterproof liner, dual-density insole, thermoplastic polyurethane shank, Danner Steadfast outsole
    Colors - Realtree Xtra Green
    URL - http://www.danner.com/

    Designed for all-season hunting and stalking, Danner's new Steadfast line is available in 6-, 8-, and 17-inch heights, with a combination of eyelets and hooks for the laces.

  • Hi-Tec Rio Adventure

    Materials - Synthetic mesh and Neoprene upper, OrthoLite insole, EVA midsole, Vibram rubber outsole
    Colors - Black/charcoal/flame
    URL - http://us.hi-tec.com/

    We consider this more of a water shoe than sandal, with its structured construction and very shoe-like features - from a Vibram outsole to the anti-odor and anti-microbial OrthoLite footbed.

  • Lowa Vantage GTX Mid

    Materials - Split leather/Cordura upper, waterproof Gore-Tex lining, Climate Control insole, PU midsole, LOWA Trac Lite II Outsole, TPU toe and heel guards
    Colors - Anthracite/yellow, brown/beige
    URL - http://www.lowaboots.com/

    The Vantage GTX Mid is a trekking boot design, striking a compromise between the load capacity of backpacking boots and lighter weight and flexibility.

  • Magnum Precision II Ultra Lite

    Materials - Full leather upper, breathable waterproof membrane, composite safety toe, M-PACT insole, compression molded midsole, rubber outsole
    Colors - Black, brown, coffee, wheat
    URL - http://us.magnumboots.com

    The Precision II Ultra Lite work boot from Magnum is a rugged workhorse with safety features.

  • Nike Free Trainer 5.0 V6

    Materials - Mesh upper, minimal molded sockliner, low-profile Phylite combination midsole/outsole
    Colors - Black/dark gray/volt, daring red/blue graphite, game royal/obsidian/deep royal blue, white/dove grey/pure platinum
    URL - http://www.nike.com/

    The lightest shoe in the group, the Nike Free Trainer is designed to provide natural, weightless, barefoot-like feel.

  • Oakley LSA Boot Water

    Materials - Scotchgard-treated pig suede leather and 1,000 Denier Cordura upper, EVA midsole, Unobtainium rubber outsole
    Colors - Coyote, MultiCam
    URL - http://www.oakley.com

    Designed for bearded face-shooters, they have everything you need for maritime operations.

  • Salewa ALP Flow Mid GTX

    Materials - Nubuck leather and ballistic mesh upper with OrthoLite foam, waterproof Gore-Tex lining, Gore-Tex Surround spacer, nylon poly shank, EVA midsole, Vibram Hike Approach rubber outsole
    Colors - Basilico/foliage, smoke/yellow
    URL - http://www.salewa.com

    Packed with cutting edge badassery, these boots feature Gore-Tex Surround technology to keep your feet dry and happy - moisture and heat travel down through a Gore-Tex laminate into a spacer and out of the shoe through side vents.

  • Salewa Wildfire Pro GTX

    Materials - Suede leather and microfiber upper with Exa shell over injected 3D cage, waterproof Gore-Tex lining, multi-fit footbed, Vibram Megagrip outsole
    Colors - Black out/yellow, navy/mimosa
    URL - http://www.salewa.com/

    Designed as an approach shoe (i.e. to be used on long approaches to climbs), the Wildfire Pro GTX combines aspects of running and hiking shoes with climbing shoes.

  • Salomon Fellraiser

    Materials - Open mesh upper, OrthoLite foam and EVA sockliner, dual layer EVA midsole, Contagrip rubber outsole
    Colors - Dark cloud/black/yellow gold, nile green/iguana green/corylus green
    URL - http://www.salomon.com/

    Fell racing is a sport popular in the U.K. consisting of racing up and down hills and mountains.

  • Under Armour Speedform XC Mild

    Materials - Synthetic upper, integral molded 4D Foam footbed, full-length Micro G foam, EVA and TPU outsole
    Colors - Black, black/blue, high-vis yellow, vivid orange
    URL - http://www.underarmour.com/

    Prized by adventure runners for mud runs and similar shenanigans, these aren't your father's trail runners.